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India · 2019A second Modi mandate and the abrogation of Article 370 in Jammu & Kashmir

Re-elected with a stronger majority, the NDA ended the special status of Jammu & Kashmir under Article 370 and reorganised the state into two Union Territories, enacted the Citizenship (Amendment) Act and criminalised instant triple talaq. The Supreme Court delivered its Ayodhya judgment, while Chandrayaan-2's Vikram lander lost contact near the Moon.

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Polity & Governanceराजव्यवस्था और शासन

Economyअर्थव्यवस्था

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Key figures

Narendra Modi — Prime Minister, re-elected for a second term in 2019.Amit Shah — Union Home Minister who piloted the Article 370 changes and the CAA.Nirmala Sitharaman — first full-time woman Finance Minister; presented the July 2019 Budget.Ranjan Gogoi — Chief Justice of India who headed the Ayodhya bench; succeeded by S.A. Bobde in November 2019.K. Sivan — ISRO Chairman during Chandrayaan-2.Abhijit Banerjee — 2019 Nobel laureate in Economic Sciences.

UPSC / State PCS — Exam focus

Bills & Acts of 2019

From our live BillTracker — real legislation recorded for 2019.

Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019Enacted

Reorganises the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two Union Territories — J&K (with a legislature) and Ladakh — alongside the dilution of Article 370.

Why it matters: Major federal-restructuring event; high-yield for Polity (Article 370, UTs) and Security/IR.

Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019Enacted

Fast-tracks citizenship for non-Muslim migrants from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan who entered India on or before 31 December 2014.

Why it matters: One of the most debated laws of the decade; key for Polity (citizenship, secularism) and current affairs.

Code on Wages, 2019Enacted

The first of four labour codes, it merges four wage laws and creates a universal national floor wage across organised and unorganised sectors.

Why it matters: Part of the labour-codes reform; key for Economy (labour market) and Governance (ease of compliance).

Consumer Protection Act, 2019Enacted

Replaces the 1986 Act, adding protection for e-commerce consumers, product liability and a central regulator (CCPA).

Why it matters: Modernises consumer law for the digital economy; relevant for Economy and Governance.

Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019Enacted

Makes the practice of instant triple talaq (talaq-e-biddat) a void and punishable offence, following the Shayara Bano judgment.

Why it matters: Legislative follow-through to a landmark verdict; relevant for Social Justice, gender and personal-law reform.

Constitution (One Hundred and Third Amendment) Act, 2019Enacted

Enables up to 10% reservation for the Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) in education and public employment.

Why it matters: First economic-criterion reservation; high-yield Polity (reservation, basic structure, 50% ceiling debate).

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Researched by a multi-model AI editorial board and cross-checked against sources; Bills are real records from BillTracker. This is a study aid, not a substitute for primary sources. Spotted an error? Tell us.