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Reforms, Rights & Growth

India · 2012Nirbhaya, the 2G verdict and Coalgate: a year of reform under governance strain

Governance was under strain: the Supreme Court cancelled 122 2G licences and the CAG flagged large coal-block allocation losses, while the UPA government moved ahead with 51% FDI in multi-brand retail, prompting Trinamool Congress to quit. Pranab Mukherjee became President; the 16 December Delhi gang rape spurred mass protests and legal reform.

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Key figures

Manmohan Singh — Prime Minister during UPA-II, leading the government amid FDI reforms, slowdown and corruption controvePranab Mukherjee — elected 13th President of India, in office from 25 July 2012.Vinod Rai — Comptroller and Auditor General, whose audit reports on 2G spectrum and coal-block allocation shaped major aArvind Kejriwal — founded the Aam Aadmi Party on 26 November 2012.Justice J.S. Verma — chaired the committee on criminal-law reform after the December gang rape.Sushil Kumar — London 2012 silver medallist and India's first individual two-time Olympic medallist.

UPSC / State PCS — Exam focus

Bills & Acts of 2012

From our live BillTracker — real legislation recorded for 2012.

Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012Enacted

A gender-neutral law to protect children below 18 from sexual assault, harassment and pornography, with child-friendly procedures.

Why it matters: Central child-protection statute; relevant for Social Justice, law-and-order and women/child welfare questions.

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Researched by a multi-model AI editorial board and cross-checked against sources; Bills are real records from BillTracker. This is a study aid, not a substitute for primary sources. Spotted an error? Tell us.