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Coalitions, Insurgencies & Change

India · 1988Janata Dal founded under V.P. Singh as the Bofors scandal shadows Rajiv Gandhi

Political realignment defined 1988: V.P. Singh won the Allahabad by-election and the Janata Dal was founded on 11 October, consolidating opposition forces as Bofors dogged Rajiv Gandhi. Abroad, India projected power via Operation Cactus in the Maldives and revived high-level engagement with China.

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Key figures

Rajiv Gandhi — Prime Minister; managed the Bofors fallout, ordered Operation Cactus and made the China visit.R. Venkataraman — President of India.R.S. Pathak — Chief Justice of India.V.P. Singh — opposition figurehead; won the Allahabad by-election and led the new Janata Dal.K.P.S. Gill — Punjab police chief associated with Operation Black Thunder II.Viswanathan Anand — became India's first chess Grandmaster.

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