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Revolt & Crown Rule

India · 1868Amrita Bazar Patrika founded; helium detected during the Guntur eclipse as the Rajputana famine began

Under Viceroy John Lawrence (1864–69), Crown rule continued while organised nationalism was still in its pre-Congress phase, advancing through the press and reform bodies. Amrita Bazar Patrika was founded in February 1868; the weak monsoon of 1868 helped set off the Rajputana famine; and the 18 August solar eclipse observed from Guntur led to the detection of helium in the Sun.

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Key figures

Sir John Lawrence — Viceroy and Governor-General of India (1864–1869), in his final full year in officeSisir Kumar Ghosh and Moti Lal Ghosh — founders of Amrita Bazar Patrika (20 February 1868), pioneers of nationalist jourPierre Janssen — astronomer who observed the 18 August 1868 eclipse from Guntur, contributing to the detection of heliumJamsetji Nusserwanji Tata — founded his first trading firm in Bombay in 1868, the seed of the Tata enterpriseJyotirao Phule — social reformer who opened his family's water tank to people treated as 'untouchables' in Pune in 1868Sir Robert Napier — commander of the India-organised Abyssinian Expedition that captured Magdala on 13 April 1868

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